Manufacture of matches.



J. A. E. CRISWBLL. MANUFACTURE OF M ATGHES.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 17. 1905.

\ Patented Mar. 28,1911.

. J. A. E. ORISWELL. (MANUFACTURE OF MATCHES. v

APPLICATION FILED MAX 1']. 1905.

Patented Mar.28, 1911. s sums-sum 2.

J. A. E. CRISWELL.

MANUFACTURE OF MATCHES. I APPLIGATION rum MAY 17. 1905.

988,247. I Patented Mar. 28, 1911.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

J. A. E. -GRISWELL. MANUFAGTUBE 0111111101135. APPLIOATIOH FILED MAY 1 1905.

988,247, Patented 111211.218, 1911 6 sums-minim 4 J. A. E. GRISWELL.

MANUFACTURE OF MATCHES.

APPLIGATION FILED MAY 17. 1905 htented Mar. 28, 1911 a v QVI l Home:

MW a ar/ 5X J. A. E. CRISWELL.

MANUFACTURE OF MATCHES.

APPLICATION rump MAY 17. 1905.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 6.

its

JAMES I A. EKIN MANUFACTURE OF Ii'IA'lGHES.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, JAiuns EKLN CRIS WELL, of New York, county of Kings, and State of New York, have invented certaln new and useful Improvements in the Manul facture of Matches,

, l The primary object of the invention is to provide a simple and 'eflicient method of manufacturing matches, whereby material which in many'instances goes to waste may be utilized for this purpose; which produces strong, cheap and eiiicient matches of a uniform standard of size strength and quality, so that the liability of being broken in use reduced toa minimum; which matches burn longer and can be made stronger and more uniform than the ordinary wood match; which are comparatively inexpensive to manufacture, and which are attractive in appearance and on each match may be printedor produced suitable characters for advertising purposes. V A further object of the invention isto pro 'vide matches each having an inner strengthening core or body with an outer cover of inflammable material.

The invention will be hereinafter more particularly described with reference to the.

accompanying drawings which form part of 35' this specification, and will be then p'ointed out in'the claims tion.

tion. partly in section and partly diagrammatic, of one form of apparatus for carrying the invention into effect. Fig. 2 is a ragnientary longitudinal section of the means for forming the inner cores. Fig. 3 is a" transverse fragmentary section taken on the 1 Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed Ifiiay 17, 1905.

'ing them together in a web at the end of the des'crip- In the drawings, Figure l is a side e'levamaterials suita CRISWELL, or NEW YORK, N. Y.

Patented n. as, 1911. Serial No. 260,886.

I Fig. 7 indicates how the bodies of the splints are made separated some distance apartso that the uniting portion of the material may be cut and folded by suitable means to. form a part of the body of each match and to serve as a cover therefor. Figs. 8 and!) 'showidif ferent ways of folding the paper cover. Fig. 10 is a longitudinal section, partly in elevation, of other means for carrying into efiect the making of match bodies. 12 are transverse sections, on anenlarged scale, of the match bodies before they are Figs. 11 and separated into complete splints, showing the bodies in diiferentrelations with respect to each other. Fig. 13 showsstill another method of making the match bodies, and forming the splints ready matches. Figs. let to 17 inclusive show other means for forming the making the splint bodies.

how splints may be made'without unitor sheet. 24 shows howthe splints may be formed and held ready for dipping. Figs 24 and 25 show other means'for forming the match splints or bodies. method of collecting the pulp and. forming the match splints. Fig. 27 isaiplan of one form of match card or sheet. Fi 28 is a perspective view of one of the matchessho'wn in Fig. 27 removed fromthe card or sheet.

1g. match splint sheet, and verse section'of a form in which .the entine match splints is hf ig. 30'is a trans of match-splint sheet body portion of the thesame material.

Figs. 31 to 33 show other methods. of making match bodies.

The material for the cor; or innerpart of the match bodies may be of any of theme terials used in aper making or of any other scraps, old waste rags, or material of t is character is used they, may be treated in a manner similar to the preliminary steps employed to make paper or aper board'to reduce the materiaisto a pu py condition, which will be referred to hereafter as pulp or paper for completing the.

match bodies or le for this purpose. If old. newspapers, straw, wood pulp, paper chi alone or a combination of them splints. Figs .18 to 21 are transverse'sections of various forms of splint bodies or stems. Fig. 22 shows another method of Fig. 23 shows:

Fig.

Fig. 26 shows another 29 is a fragmentary 'lan of one form. of

lid

pulp. terial to a pulp of suitable consistency is well known in paper making and not explained herein in detail.

Any form of appa 'atus or combinations of apparatus may be employed for carrying the invention. into etlect. In Figs. 1 to 3 one form of apparatus is shown. Here the pulpy mass or paper pulp is placed into troughs or receptacles 10 and 11, from the first of which it is "fed or forced by any suitable means to a traveling endless apron or chain 12 forming a mold or form. T he chain 12 comprises a series of plates or beds hinged together at their edges and on the upper or outer surface of which are longitudinal-extending grooves 13, which form one-halt of the mold. for the core of the matches. The paper pulp as it is deposited in the chain 12 will fill the grooves ant. will be carried along under the roll 14. This roll will. level and spread the pulpy mass so that when it passes under the roll 15) it will be compressed to substantially the form the core is to be before being covered. The roll or drum 15 has peripheral grooves 16 opposed to the grooves 13, to form the other half oi the core. the roll 15 (littering accordin to the shape of the matches to be made. 1K roll 17 is arranged under the roll 15 and in engagement with the under surface of the chain 19. and takes the down- Ward thrust of the chain while giving the preliminary pressure to form the match cores. There may be a further supply of material When necessary from the receptacle 11, and a second and final pressure and formation 01": the cores 19 by the rolls 20 and 21, which latter are similar to the rolls l5 and 17 and compress the cores of the matches to the desired hardness and consistency. The pressure of the rolls unites the fibers of the pulp and removes part or. the moisture, and to assist in this aid to form the cores the rolls and other part may be heated and the bed or chain 12 made so that the Water, moisture or other liquid may escape readily as it is pressed out of the material. Each pressure roll as well as the grooves of the chain 12 may have a scraper 22 with fingers that enter the grooves to retain the cores in a horizontal plane and prevent them from adhering to the metallic surfaces.

The cores 19 may be entirely severed from each other or may be attached so as to form a sheet or Web-like body with a thin film between each core. The cores pass from the roll 20 and bed or chain 12 to the pressure rolls 23 and 24:, between which latter pass webs of paper 25 and 26. These webs or sheets of paper 25 and 26 may lie-corrugated longitudinally before reaching the rolls or they may be plain as desired. The webs of paper may be corrugated in the same r 1a- The method of reducing such machine, or in a separate machine, and in any may'he fed either wet or dry, though the paper webs when corrugated dry hold their form better. The corrugations in the paper conform to the shape of the cores and the iinisned match bodies or stems, and one web is fed on one side of the cores, and the other web on the other side. A receptacle Q7 arranged to sprinkle flour, starch or other material over one side of the cores, and a second receptacle 28 is provided to spread similar material over the upper face of the web 26, in order that the cores and webs may be united as they pass between the first set of rolls. The rolls 23 and 2st are peripherally grooved according;- to the shape of the matches to be made, and the web oi? match bodies passes between sets of rolls and 30 similar to the first set for further compressing and uniting the parts together. From the pressure rolls the web of match bodies, if not sul'liciently dry, may pass through a suitable drier 31 and from there to av machine for cutting the long match bodies into complete match splints.

The match bodies may be' handled and the matches completed in any desired way. The splints or match bodies may be made far enough apart so that further sepa 'ation is unnecessary, or they may lie close together as shown in Fig. 4-, in which case it is necessary to further separate the splints. In eithercase the web of match bodies may be cut and assembled by such machinery or deviccs as is :hown in my Patents Nos. 716,810, 716,816 and other of patents issued to me December 23, 1902, or by any other prelci-red means. The match bodies, it close together as in Fi 4, are cut, separated and forced into a suitable carrier 32 by the machine as set forth in the patents referred to, and are then heated, parallined, and the heads applied by the devices S t in the usual manner. The carrier is of the usual or oi any preferred form, and when the match heads are dry they are ejected by the device 353. and transferred for boxing.

twill be understood, where the material is of such a character as to require or make it desirable that it be redmi-cd to a pulp or pulpy mass, that any of the machinery, dcrices, or methods used in paper hr paper board nmlcing may be used either in the reduction ot the n'mterial to a pulp. or in handling the pulp utter it is made.

ln Figs. and (l the pulp is gathered and compressed. in grooves of the movable endless apron or chain 12 as previously described. A. web of paper 36 then fed from any source to the apron 12 under the roll 32', which latter presses the web of paper into contact with the material in the grooves of said apron. h'laterial is supplied to the upper surface of the web of paper from the receptacle 38 or otherwise, and is esaaaz cbmpressed as already explained to form the upper part of the match body. The paper 'web serves as, a means to unite the match bodies together in a sheet or web of match bodies, and said bodies may be separated and handled in any preferred manner. The material on the opposite sides of the paper web may be of any suitable kind and may be fed in various ways to the paper web.

Fig. 7 shows the match bodies separated farther apart than in Fig. 6. In this case the intervening web or film 39 between the match bodies 40 may be cut away and used over again to make the pulpy mass, 9r it might be out along lines that would permit it to be folded in tubular form to inclose and form a part of the match bodies as shown in F ig'sQS and 9.

In the manufacture of the matcheswhe're the material is of such 'anature as will'not readily unite by compression or the usual method of treatment, glue, starch or other substances may be employed to assist in from the rolls 42 by means of the feed roll-- crs 43 to the corrugating rolls 44. -These rolls 4%- maybe heated and are grooved lengthwise thereof so that as the paper passes between said rolls it is crimpedor corrugated to substantially the form of onea As shown there are half the match body.

' two webs of paper which after being corrugated pass to the'pressure rolls 45, the latttr being grooved lengthwise to form'opposite halves of the ,matchbodies- Intermediate the webs of paper and'adjacent to the rolls 45 is. a cylinder or device 47 in which paper making pulp or other material is placed. The device 4:7 is provided-with a slot or opening 48 through which a layer of match bodies is provided. A second com of material is forced by means of a piston or rotary, device, not shown, which'is timedto the movements of the other parts so that a layer of the 'material will be forced between the rolls 4:5 and into the corrugations of the paper webs. The material from the dejviced? will form the inner core for. the match'bodies, and as the cores and paper covering are united, a ribbed sheet or web pression may be given by the rolls 49 and-as many more. as desired. If necessary the webs ofmatch bodiesmay pass through a suitable dri'erjor may be made intoa large rolh'and ifdesiredtl ewebs may correspond in width to the lengtli ofa match and made into a roll. w I As alreadyexplained the match bodles Here the paper 41,-

smoothed 'or may be separated some dist'ancefrom each other as in'Fig. 11 or he close together as n Fig. 12. In these figures, 50 indicates the core of the matches, 51 the .cover, and 52 the'film or portion that connects the 'match' stems or bodies together. Instead of the layer of material being forced from the'device 4-.7 dlrect to the pressure rolls 45, it might first pass between grooved orfluted rolls to form a web of cores of the shapefof' the match bodies and to express some of the moisture therefrom. In this latter case there may be applied some adhesive'substance' if necessary to the surfaces of the parts to be;

so Fig. 13 has two webs 53 and 54 of straw-' united as already explained.

board, wood-pulp or other material, that may be corrugated in the same machine, or formed; in a separate machine, and this straw-board or layer of wood pulp is preferably in the form of a web and longitudinally corrugated to correspond tothe size and shape of the splints. .The corrugations are of sufficient depthto form substantially one-half the thickness of thesplint or match body to be made, and thewebs are made to pass between two fluted or peripherallygrooved rolls 55 that guide and press the webs together. interposed between the two webs and adjacent to the fluted rolls 55 is a provided with a series of apertures 58 spaced apart equal to the spacing of the splints and the corrugations of the webs 53 and 54, and through the apertures passes the material from the cylinder to and between the corrugated portions of the two opposed webs and thereby forms a central core for each match strip orsp'lint. The material forming the central core may be of any suitable kind and may consist of wood pulp or other material combined with other material whether glutinous or not, such as starch, glue or rosin,

in any desired proportions. In the cylinder. 110

56 is adapted to move a piston. or rotary device, which, asit is operated, forces the material out ofthe cylinder, througlrthe openings 58 in the nozzle 57. The speed of the forcing device is timed with respect to .the inward movement of the webs 53 and 54 so as'to supply the proper quantity ofinate rial forming thecore tor the; splints between v the webs. If the material is of a glutinous nature, the material will unite the two webs together, and it should be of such' a nature that ,the material forming a part of the inatch body will stiffen the cover formed by the webs 53 and 54. The web of splints may the web, and thenthe web may be cutbe tween thecorrugations to fOlmdIldlVldlliLl match splints. These match splints may be ipolished if desired, 'and may the proper length by a cutthen be out o I ting dev'icei59, the splints being handled by then pass through a suitable drier to dry 1 96 I cylinder 56. This cylinder has a nozzle 57 a transfer device 60 and delivered to suitable splint frames in a manner substantially the same as in the patents referred to or in anv desired way. The illustrations in Figs. 11 and 1.2 ma t also represent transverse sections of matches made according to this method.

Figs. l-lto 16 Show how splints or match bodies may be made from pulpy or a plastic material without providing a central core and uniting them in a web or sheet. Here the wheel or drum 61 has grooves 62 corresponding to the shape of match splints to be made. and passing around the drum is a hand 0 apron (33. This apron may be of woven wire and may be corrugated, as at ill, to fit into the grooves of the drum and then passes around the wheel (55. A series of cylinc lers or devices ()6 are arranged adjacent. to the periphery of the drum G1. and in each cylinder or device material of any suitable kind which is adapted to be torceiil from the device (36, as tilcscribed in connec' tion with Fig. 10. into the grooves 62 on to the apron (93. The material for maltin the match splints or'bodies may be of any or the usual paper making materials combined or not with others. and is of such a cl'iaracter as when dry and hardened the. match will not he eas'il i broken in use. For this pur pose tlour. starch. earthy or other substances may be combined with the pulpy material in suitable i iroportions. Between each of the cylinders are the packing:pioneers 6? so that the material from the first two cylinders (a) ma be suitably eomprtsscd and made compact. The wheels 68 are for eoinpressing what. material is supplied l'rom the last cylinder tit and as the drum. and apron (32, continue to more. the apron as it passes around the wheel G9 will remove the splints from the drum. The splints may be ejected and deposited on the belt. 70 to he carried to a drier it' lll?(($ illl or handled as desired. The drum may be heated to assist in drying the match splints and may be so madethat. the moisture may be readily liorced out oi the match bodies. lly this means match bodies of rarious shapes. and of uni'torm quality may be made rapidly. ln practice it is desirable to place a number oil these drums on the same shalt each having; grooves of a size and shape corresponding to the finished match body.

in i ig; 1? and lit a sin le corrugated web or band of paper is used to cover the inner cores. The corrugated web 71 passes around the toothed wheel i2 and enters the groores 7 of the drum The core in this case of .librous u'iaterial with the strands arran e lengthwise of the match bodies. Disintefetrated woorfly material, straw or other material which has not been reduced to a pulp may he used, and this material may be softened l] l i i l i l I l l l l l l l l l i i l l l i l i or not by boiling according any suitable material whether of long strands oi wood fiber. straw eneelsior mixed with wood pulp. paper pulp or not, and such niiatcri may be inclosed by a single piece of ribbon or paper. A single web of paper may be cut into long strips or'rilr hens. or separate rolls of ribbons of paper, one for each long core ma be used ltn this case the cores are first formed, and the ribbon of paper forced or formed around each core and united therewith to provide long match bodies which when out transversely form complete match splints or bodies.

in l? 13) the cores are shown as only partly iurlosed by the paper cover, while big. so shows how the web or paper may be the cores and then :ut centiall between folded over to entirely inelose the cores.

Fig. '2] shows a triangular form of match body in which the core is inclosed by a single strip or ribbon. and Fig. shows how the same sh ape oi body may be made from two webs and a filling: or core. though in some instances the cores or filling might be dis pensed with. The web is corrugated transversely and passes around the toothed teeth or groores ot the wheel To into the The corrugations may then be drum 44. tilled with material to form cores as alread}, explained. or in any preferred way. and over the tilling passed a second web 78 whi h is united to the web The web T9 passes around the roll 79, and the web oi? match bodies passes around the roll or wheel Fltl. the two webs and the filling or cores Forming; a web oi match bodies ill, to be handled in any desired ay tor the purpose oil mailing matches i shows another method of making match bodies or splints. The tank 81 con-' tains paper making pulp, and adapted to rotate in the tank is a drum or wheel 82.

.lis wheel has pockets, grooves or corrugations into which the pulp forced by the reciprocating device Ell. The pockets 83 have openings through t is riniot the wheel as and in these openings are plungers which close a part oi; said openin The pulp after being; forced or eompre in the pockets is turther ctmipressed by the rotary device 3t or otherwise. its the W eel 82 continues to rotate the plungers will engage the cam surface 8'? and will eject the may be of 2'33 and the titling.

- rotatesin the tank 103 splints into the receptacle '88 from which they may be removed and the matches complcted. y

I Fig. 24 shows-how the pulp maybe collected as'in paper making. The cylinder 102 r and the pulp is couched on to the felt 104. from'the pressure rolls 105 and when necessary is dried. It is then corrugated by the rolls 106, and material is fed into the corrugations from the receptacle 107. The Web then passes to the drum 10Sf and is compressed so as to form a web of match bodies of the.-corrugated paper being filled with other material, the corrugations might be deeper and while in the grooves in the drum might be compressed by a plunger .109 as shown in Fig. 25. The plunger forms one-half of the splints, and a wheel 110 the other half, and to assist in uniting the parts of the web to gether flour, or any other substance might 1 be used.

In .Fig. 26 the material in the tank is drawn into the grooves or pockets by a suction device 111 arranged within the drum 1152, -the material being compressed into match bodies in a'ny suitable manner.

7 bons the length of the match In my application fcase the ribbon of match coiled for Fig. 27 is a plan view of a match card with distinctive bodies 113 and connecting films 114. A part of the card is cut away at 115 between the match bodies and at one edge to permit said bodies to be tipped with the composition, and the film connecting the bodies may be perforated or scored between the match bodies so that each match body maybe individually removed; orthe cards, strips or-sheets might be cut 'to form matches as in Fig. 29.

Fig. 29 is a fragmentary part of a web of match bodies, the latter extending either Fig. 30 shows how the web'o'f match bodies may be made of the same material throughout. If the match bodiesextend transversely of the web, and are far enough apart for dipping, the. web maybe cut into riband one edge of the ribbon notched as'in Fig-27. In this bodies may be dipping 0r dipped in strips as desired.

December 20, 1900, is disclosed pap'ericovering inclosing-strengthening cores and such is therefore not broadly claimed herein. 1

It will be understood that where the nature of the material requires it, or it is desirable to do so, it may be'impregna ed to prevent glowing, and anypart or all of the material may be colored, or difierently colored, to make the match attractive or distinctive.

Each match may have printed matter produced on its outersurface foradvertising purposes, either on the The web passes for improvements in matches 166,794, filed July 24,1908, and Serial No.

produced.

Sr. No. 40,548, filed paper covering before the match bodies are made, or on the match bodies themselves, and the match bodies may be passed through pa'rafiin or like material to make wax matches.

The term paper is used in its broadest sense and any thickness and of any of the materials used in )aper making; and paper pulp is intended to include any which may be reduced to a pulp or to a plastic condition.

Any of the materials mentioned in my application referred to, or in my applications erial' No. 941,234 filed January 16, 1905, may be used if desirable or any combination of them.

Some of the, materials may be boiled to soften them, and in some instances the materials may be softened in any manner and used in a soft state'instead of being reduced to a pulp.

The materials or any of them may be chemically or otherwise treated, and to any of the materials may saltpeter or other substances to make the materials burn more readily, or any suitable binding agent may beused where materials are employed that do not unite easily, and suitable material as plaster of Paris or other substances may be used to assist in making the match body stiff and firm.

It will be seen from the various materials ordinarily goin' to waste may be utilized in the manu acture of matches; that cheap and inexpensive mate rials may be used, and materials utilized in those countries or localities wherethere is a scarcity of wood, and that inmaking matches according to the method herein disclosed a strong, effective article of uniform quality is .Vhere a flexible Wire or other apron or web is usedwhile-forming the cores or the match, an apron may be used on both sides of the material instead of on one side only.

The web of match bodies may be made on a modified form of paper board machineas shown in Figs. 32 and 33. The parts A and B of the apparatus are each intended to move in opposite directions.- A description of part A will answer equally well for B.

The pulp tank 116'has the usual cylinderof said materials be added rosin, sulfur;

foregoing that I includes a web, sheet or strip ofproduce one-half of the Web and are identical in construction, the felts being made to mold 117 with itsfine wire covering for collecting the pulp which is couched on to the felt 118'by the rollgll9. A second cylinder mold-120 rotates in the pulp tank 121, said cylinder being 'siinilar to' 117 except tha't it correspondinggto has depressed portions 120? substantially ontatlialf'of the match holly.

This cylinder formsa. web of ribs123, which a unite with the was or layer of pulp fromi the other cylinder 117. The layer of pulp and "felt passes between the pressure rolls iZi and 125, the former being grooved, which form one-half of the match ivch The fol passes around the roll 127 hack to the cylinder to again receive pulp. The other half of the match Web from the part B unites with the Web from the part it. as they move between the rolls 12%, forming thcreby a Web of match bodies 128. The match bodies thus formed may he handled to complete the matches in any preferred Way. Only one part, as A, of the apparatus may be employed if desired, and instead 0'5 one oi each kind of cylinders there may he two or more. This method produces a compact homogeneous match body.

Instead of the pulp material being the same in quality in all the tanks, the inner part of the body may be made ct one kind of pulp, as cheap old newspapers, etc. indicated by 129, While the outside or lining 130 may be or better material, as manila or the like.

The ribs may be formed longitudinally of the Web by making the mold cylinder ac cordingly; and Where two acts are to he joined as in Fig. 31 to rorm complete match bodies the Webs may be united While Wet, or they may be united after they are dry.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is z-- 1. In the manufacture of matches, the method which consists in corrugating a sheet or web of paper, forming cores of pulpy material and filling the depressed portions or corrugations ot' the paper therewith, and then compressing and uniting the whole to form the body of the splints. V

2. In the manufacture of matches, the method Which consists in corrugating a sheet 01' Web of paper, forming cores of pulpy ma terial and filling the depressed portions or corrugations of the. paper therewith, then compressing and uniting the materials to form the body of the splints, and finally cut ting the Web to form complete splints.

3. In the manufacture of matches, the method which consists in corrugatin' a sheet or Web oi? paper, filling the depressed portions or corrugations oi the paper wit. a pulpy material so as to form an inner core therefor, then compressing and uniting the materials to form long splints-joined together in a Web by the paper so that the splints "Will be much larger in cross-section than the thickness oi. the pa per which joins ease them together, and finally cutting the Web to form complete splints.

at. in the manufacture of matches, the method which consists in corrugating a sheet or wet) oi pap :r to form an outer body for the splints, forming a core of pulpy material and filling the depressed portions ot the sheet therewith on one side only, then compressing the material together to form the splints and finally cutting the web to form complete splints.

the manufacture of matches, the

method which consists in corrugating a sheet or Web oi pacer to form an. outer body for the splints, torniing a core at pulpy ma terial and filling the depressed portions of the sheets therewith on one side only, coinpressing the material together to form long splints which are united together by a tihn of the thickness of the sheet of pa er thereby forming distinctive match sp ints, finally cutting the Web to form complete splints.

G. In the manufacture of matches, the method which consists in taitiua; corrugated paper to form an outer body for the sp ints, forming a core for each splint to tit the corrugations, finally uniting the paer and core. together, and finally cutting t e Wet) to form complete splints.

'i. In the manufacture of matches,;.=tho

method which consists in providing corru gated paper to form an outer body for the splints, forming cores for the splints, and unit to tori-n splints.

8. in the manufacture of matches, the method which consists in forming a layer of Wet paper-making material in a pa py state, compressing this material to substantiaily the form of the match bodies to form inner cores, inclosing these cores with corrugated paper, sepatrating the match splints along their length to term long independent match splints, then cutting the match splints transversely to form complete splints.

9. In the manufacture of matches, the method which consists in corrugating a sheet of ii'iilammable material, filling depressed portions of the. sheet with a. material to form cores for the match splints", then in closing the cores to torm complete match splints, and finally cutting the Web to form complete splints.

JhlidES A. Ehflil CRISXVIEIJL.

Witnesses QiIAaLns En. Suninow, "i ViLnmai Fosrnn.

and

the paper body and cores together 

